The seed is the PID + LCG (https://github.com/php/php-src/search?q=GENERATE_SEED&unscoped_q=GENERATE_SEED)
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7)
mt_rand — 生成更好的随机数
$min
, int $max
) : int很多老的 libc 的随机数发生器具有一些不确定和未知的特性而且很慢。PHP 的 rand() 函数默认使用 libc 随机数发生器。mt_rand() 函数是非正式用来替换它的。该函数用了 » Mersenne Twister 中已知的特性作为随机数发生器，它可以产生随机数值的平均速度比 libc 提供的 rand() 快四倍。
如果没有提供可选参数 min 和
max，mt_rand()
返回 0 到 mt_getrandmax()
之间的伪随机数。例如想要 5 到 15（包括 5 和 15）之间的随机数，用
mt_rand(5, 15)。
返回 min （或者 0） 到 max （或者是到 mt_getrandmax()
，包含这个值）之间的随机整数。
| 版本 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 4.2.0 | 随机数发生器自动进行播种。 |
Example #1 mt_rand() 例子
<?php
echo mt_rand() . "\n";
echo mt_rand() . "\n";
echo mt_rand(5, 15);
?>
以上例程的输出类似于：
1604716014 1478613278 6
The distribution of mt_rand() return values is biased
towards even numbers on 64-bit builds of PHP when
max is beyond 2^32.
The seed is the PID + LCG (https://github.com/php/php-src/search?q=GENERATE_SEED&unscoped_q=GENERATE_SEED)
rand() comes from the libc, and mt_rand() is internal to PHP. So the differences vary with their respective versions.
On a 64b Debian Stretch with PHP 5.6.21, there is no visible difference: http://oi64.tinypic.com/2nkqas6.jpg
This image compares the two functions. In the top half with random points, in the lower half with random intensity on each point. This is totally different from what was obtained 4 years ago in another note, with an unknown environment.
Here is the code for this visual comparison.
<?php
$sizex = 400;
$sizey = 400;
$img = imagecreatetruecolor(2 * $sizex, 2 * $sizey);
$white = imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 255, 255);
$inks = array_map(
function($r) use($img) { return imagecolorallocate($img, $r, $r, $r); },
range(0, 255)
);
for ($x = 0 ; $x < $sizex ; $x++) {
for ($y = 0 ; $y < $sizey ; $y++) {
// placing ($sizex x $sizey) white points at random in the top half
imagesetpixel($img, rand(0, $sizex - 1), rand(0, $sizey - 1), $white);
imagesetpixel($img, $sizex + mt_rand(0, $sizex - 1), mt_rand(0, $sizey - 1), $white);
// random intensity for each point in the lower half
imagesetpixel($img, $x, $sizey + $y, $inks[rand(0, 255)]);
imagesetpixel($img, $sizex + $x, $sizey + $y, $inks[mt_rand(0, 255)]);
}
}
header("Content-type: image/png");
imagepng($img);
?>
mt_rand is not calculated by Mersenne Twister.
https://github.com/php/php-src/commit/a0724d30817600540946b41e40f4cfc2a0c30f80
With PHP 5.3.3, we're seeing odd behavior on 32 bit Linux.
This works fine on 64 bit Linux:
<?php
printf ("%08x\n", mt_rand (0, 0xFFFFFFFF));
?>
but on our 32 bit Linux development server, it's always yielding "00000000".
On that same machine, this:
<?php
printf ("%08x\n", mt_rand (0, 0xFFFFFFF0));
?>
seems to always yield either 00000000 or a number in the range fffffff2 to ffffffff. This:
<?php
printf ("%08x\n", mt_rand (0, 0xFFFFFF00));
?>
gives numbers where the last two digits vary, and so on through at least 0xF0000000.
However, this:
<?php
printf ("%08x\n", mt_rand (0, 0x7FFFFFFF));
?>
seems to be well-behaved.
The moral? On 32 bit systems, be careful about crossing the signed number boundary, 0x7FFFFFFF.
I wrote another function to get a random float, if its not precise enougth jut add some '0' to the $mul parameter.
<?php
function f_rand($min=0,$max=1,$mul=1000000){
if ($min>$max) return false;
return mt_rand($min*$mul,$max*$mul)/$mul;
}
?>
I made following tests:
<?php
echo f_rand()."<br>"; //0.497153
echo f_rand(0.5)."<br>"; //0.857822
echo f_rand(0.5,0.6)."<br>"; //0.599956
echo f_rand(0,10)."<br>"; //5.801949
echo f_rand(0,2,2)."<br>"; //1.5
echo f_rand(0,2,10)."<br>"; //1.7
?>
To reiterate the message about *not* using mt_rand() for anything security related, here's a new tool that has been just posted that recovers the seed value given a single mt_rand() output:
http://www.openwall.com/php_mt_seed/README
Another generic random string function, but very small and fast.
<?php
function mt_rand_str ($l, $c = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890') {
for ($s = '', $cl = strlen($c)-1, $i = 0; $i < $l; $s .= $c[mt_rand(0, $cl)], ++$i);
return $s;
}
echo mt_rand_str(8); // Something like mp2tmpsw
echo mt_rand_str(6, '0123456789ABCDEF'); // Something like B9CD0F
?>
Another graphical comparison of rand() and mt_rand(). It effectively draws a graph showing how the last generated number affects the next by plotting the numbers in consecutive pairs against each other.
<?php
header("Content-type: image/png");
$sizex=800;
$sizey=800;
$img = imagecreatetruecolor(2 * $sizex,$sizey);
$black = imagecolorallocate($img,0, 0, 0);
imagefilledrectangle($img, 0, 0, 2 * $sizex, $sizey, imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 255, 255));
$p = 0;
for($i=0; $i < 100000; $i++) {
$np = rand(0,$sizex);
imagesetpixel($img, $p, $np, $black);
$p = $np;
}
$p = 0;
for($i=0; $i < 100000; $i++) {
$np = mt_rand(0,$sizex);
imagesetpixel($img, $p + $sizex, $np, $black);
$p = $np;
}
imagepng($img);
imagedestroy($img);
?>
i wanted to spot out the big difference between rand and mt_rand when producing images using randomness as noise.
for example this is a comparation between rand and mt_rand on a 400x400 pixel png: http://oi43.tinypic.com/vwtppl.jpg
code:
<?php
header("Content-type: image/png");
$sizex=800;
$sizey=400;
$img = imagecreatetruecolor($sizex,$sizey);
$ink = imagecolorallocate($img,255,255,255);
for($i=0;$i<$sizex/2;$i++) {
for($j=0;$j<$sizey;$j++) {
imagesetpixel($img, rand(1,$sizex/2), rand(1,$sizey), $ink);
}
}
for($i=$sizex/2;$i<$sizex;$i++) {
for($j=0;$j<$sizey;$j++) {
imagesetpixel($img, mt_rand($sizex/2,$sizex), mt_rand(1,$sizey), $ink);
}
}
imagepng($img);
imagedestroy($img);
?>
the differences reduce when reducing the pixels of the image.. infact for a 100x100 pixel image the noise produced from the rand function is much more realistic than how it is for a 400x400 image: http://oi39.tinypic.com/5k0row.jpg
(rand is on the left, mt_rand on the right)
To quickly build a human-readable random string for a captcha per example :
<?php
function random($length = 8)
{
$chars = 'bcdfghjklmnprstvwxzaeiou';
for ($p = 0; $p < $length; $p++)
{
$result .= ($p%2) ? $chars[mt_rand(19, 23)] : $chars[mt_rand(0, 18)];
}
return $result;
}
?>
Note that I have removed q and y from $chars to avoid readability problems.
Another good way to get a random float is to divide the result of mt_rand.
Let's say we want a float between 0.75 and 1.25.
<?php
$i = mt_rand(75,125) / 100;
?>
Fast, pseudo-random binary data generation using mt_rand():
<?php
function rnd_bin( $length )
{
while( @$c++ * 16 < $length )
@$tmp .= md5( mt_rand(), true );
return substr( $tmp, 0, $length );
}
?>
A class to generate 99.5% unqiue strings. I found that there is only one or two characters common between two subsequent strings.
<?php
class Local_RandomString {
protected $_length;
protected $_prevRand;
public function __construct($length = 15) {
$this->_length = $length;
}
public function getRand() {
$randStr = null;
$args[] = 'N' . $this->_length;
for($i = 0; $i < $this->_length; $i++) {
$args[] = mt_rand();
}
$randStr = substr(base64_encode((call_user_func_array('pack', $args))), 1, $this->_length);
$this->_prevRand = $randStr;
return $randStr;
}
public function setLength($l) {
$this->_length = (int) $l;
if($this->_length <= 0) {
throw new Exception('Invalid random string length');
}
}
public function getPrevRand() {
return $this->_prevRand;
}
}
?>
just another example: both of these routines return a random decimal number between -1 and 1... since rand() only returns a max 'integer' value while mt_rand() return a max 'long' value -- at least on some platforms -- mt_rand() could be the better precision choice for some on any variation to this routine (but i don't think it matters here):
<?php
echo "-1 to 1 rand() value: ". (rand(getrandmax()*-1,getrandmax())/getrandmax()). "\n<br/>";
echo "-1 to 1 mt_rand() value: ". (mt_rand(mt_getrandmax()*-1,mt_getrandmax())/mt_getrandmax()). "\n";
?>
If you need some pseudorandom bits for security or cryptographic purposes (e.g.g., random IV for block cipher, random salt for password hash) mt_rand() is a poor source. On most Unix/Linux and/or MS-Windows platforms you can get a better grade of pseudorandom bits from the OS or system library, like this:
<?php
// get 128 pseudorandom bits in a string of 16 bytes
$pr_bits = '';
// Unix/Linux platform?
$fp = @fopen('/dev/urandom','rb');
if ($fp !== FALSE) {
$pr_bits .= @fread($fp,16);
@fclose($fp);
}
// MS-Windows platform?
if (@class_exists('COM')) {
// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa388176(VS.85).aspx
try {
$CAPI_Util = new COM('CAPICOM.Utilities.1');
$pr_bits .= $CAPI_Util->GetRandom(16,0);
// if we ask for binary data PHP munges it, so we
// request base64 return value. We squeeze out the
// redundancy and useless ==CRLF by hashing...
if ($pr_bits) { $pr_bits = md5($pr_bits,TRUE); }
} catch (Exception $ex) {
// echo 'Exception: ' . $ex->getMessage();
}
}
if (strlen($pr_bits) < 16) {
// do something to warn system owner that
// pseudorandom generator is missing
}
?>
NB: it is generally safe to leave both the attempt to read /dev/urandom and the attempt to access CAPICOM in your code, though each will fail silently on the other's platform. Leave them both there so your code will be more portable.
mt_rand() is not faster than rand() !
Tested over 100'000 iterations, with none/various/random arguments, mt_rand is always 3% slower than rand().
performance: for a repetitive task, it's much faster not to use the limit parameters, as shown below. just use the % operator.
$t=microtime(true);
for($i=0;$i<1000000;$i++)
mt_rand()%3;
echo microtime(true)-$t;
echo '|';
$t=microtime(true);
for($i=0;$i<1000000;$i++)
mt_rand(0,2);
echo microtime(true)-$t;
echo '|';
$t=microtime(true);
for($i=0;$i<1000000;$i++)
mt_rand();
echo microtime(true)-$t;
output: 0.316797971725|0.442242145538|0.253082036972
mt_rand function returns just a whole numbers. If you want a random float, then here's an elegant way:
<?php
function random_float ($min,$max) {
return ($min+lcg_value()*(abs($max-$min)));
}
?>
The algorithm used by mt_rand() changed in PHP 5.2.1. If you are relying on getting the same sequence from mt_rand() after calling mt_srand() with a known seed, upgrading to PHP 5.2.1 will break your code. See http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=40724 for something of an explanation; there is no workaround.
a better (and likely faster) way to generate a random 6-digit hex string:
<?php
$num = mt_rand ( 0, 0xffffff ); // trust the library, love the library...
$output = sprintf ( "%06x" , $num ); // muchas smoochas to you, PHP!
return $output;
?>
The mt_rand function won't give you a number outside the bounds you asked for -- no need to and-off the top bits -- and the sprintf function has params for length-padding & hexidecimal output. It's likely faster because most of the work is being done by the wicked fast C functions that PHP sits on top of, though YMMV in that dept.
Allows characters 0-9, a-z
Weighted (and tested) ok.
<?php
function generate_string ($length = 20)
{
$nps = "";
for($i=0;$i<$length;$i++)
{
$nps .= chr( (mt_rand(1, 36) <= 26) ? mt_rand(97, 122) : mt_rand(48, 57 ));
}
return $nps;
}
?>
Here is a example of a very small, compact, quite random-random string generator. It will make a string with uppercase & lowercase letters, with numbers. You simply need to set $len in the for() structure, and then the string will be in $r. It has been designed for size, while it's still quite fast. Mind the wrapping, it should be 1 line.
<?php
for($len=8,$r='';strlen($r)<$len;$r.=chr(!mt_rand(0,2)?
mt_rand(48,57):(!mt_rand(0,1)?mt_rand(65,90):mt_rand
(97,122))));
?>
Armond Carroll
<?php
//
// Generates a random string with the specified length
// Chars are chosen from the provided [optional] list
//
function simpleRandString($length=16, $list="0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"){
mt_srand((double)microtime()*1000000);
$newstring="";
if($length>0){
while(strlen($newstring)<$length){
$newstring.=$list[mt_rand(0, strlen($list)-1)];
}
}
return $newstring;
}
//
// Generates a random string with the specified length
// Includes: a-z, A-Z y 0-9
//
function randString($length=16) {
$newstring="";
if($length>0) {
while(strlen($newstring)<$length) {
$randnum = mt_rand(0,61);
if ($randnum < 10) {
$newstring.=chr($randnum+48);
} elseif ($randnum < 36) {
$newstring.=chr($randnum+55);
} else {
$newstring.=chr($randnum+61);
}
}
}
return $newstring;
}
?>