Unix 系统下的安装

Table of Contents

本节将指导如何在 Unix 系统下安装和配置 PHP。在开始安装之前，请务必研究自己使用的系统和 web 服务器的相关章节。

在安装前需要考虑的事项一节提到，在本节主要以 web 为中心介绍 PHP 的设置。不过本节也会覆盖一些 PHP 命令行用法的设置方法。

在 Unix 平台下安装 PHP 有几种方法：使用配置和编译过程，或是使用各种预编译的包。本文主要针对配置和编译 PHP 的过程。很多 Unix 类系统都有包安装系统，可以用它来设置一个有着标准配置的 PHP。但是若需要与标准配置不同的功能（例如一个安全服务器，或者不同的数据库驱动扩展模块），可能需要编译 PHP 和／或 web 服务器。如果不熟悉编译软件，可以考虑搜索一下是否有人已经编译了包含所需要功能的预编译包。

编译所需的知识和软件：

  • 基础的 Unix 技能（有能力操作"make"和一种 C 语言编译器）
  • 一个 ANSI C 语言编译器
  • 一个 web 服务器
  • 任何模块特需的组件（例如 GD 和 PDF 库等)

直接从 Git 源文件或者自己修改过的包编译时可能需要：

  • autoconf: 2.13+（PHP < 5.4.0），2.59+（PHP >= 5.4.0）
  • automake: 1.4+
  • libtool: 1.4.x+（除了 1.4.2）
  • re2c: 版本 0.13.4 或更高
  • flex: 版本 2.5.4（PHP <= 5.2）
  • bison: 版本 1.28（建议），1.35 或 1.75

PHP 初始的配置和安装过程被 configure 脚本中一系列命令行选项控制。可以通过 ./configure --help命令了解 PHP 所有可用的编译选项及简短解释。本手册是分开对这些选项编写文档的。可在附录中找到核心配置选项，而扩展模块特定的配置选项分别在其函数参考页面中描述。

配置好 PHP 后，便可以开始编译模块和／或可执行文件。make 命令用来做这一工作。如果该命令执行失败而找不到原因，请参考安装问题一节。

User Contributed Notes

cj3 at clifjackson dot net 18-Jan-2018 09:58
I recently ran in to a situation where I was building PHP 7.1.13 from source. Configuration & make went fine, however, when I ran make install it hung. It turns out that if you are building PHP with Apache (apxs) the make file calls apxs with the -a flag which tells it to modify the httpd.conf file. If, for whatever reason, the file is not writeable then it fails and you get the hang.

Line 108 in my Makefile looks like this:

INSTALL_IT = $(mkinstalldirs) '$(INSTALL_ROOT)/usr/lib64/httpd/modules' && $(mkinstalldirs) '$(INSTALL_ROOT)/etc/httpd/conf' && /usr/sbin/apxs -S LIBEXECDIR='$(INSTALL_ROOT)/usr/lib64/httpd/modules'      -S SYSCONFDIR='$(INSTALL_ROOT)/etc/httpd/conf' -i -a -n php7 libphp7.la

I had to remove the -a flag and then it was fine.
Alex at GrimMusic dot com 13-Nov-2006 12:49
I am new to linux/apache/php (coming from server 2003/IIS/Asp.Net), so i was stumped as to why php/apache could only use static content. Also, it couldn't access some documents that you created somewhere else, and then dragged into the HTML directory.

After some research, i found the problem was the SELinux context of the files. It took me forever to find the Proper command to use to change that, as all the examples on the net were out dated using old commands:
# chcon "user_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t" /var/www/html -Rc

This will change the SELinux context of all the documents under the /var/www/html directory (which is the web directory under Fedora), to allow the httpd process to access them, and the '-Rc' flag will make the changes Recursive, and will output it's progress for each file that it sucessfully changes.
Arjan van Bentem 12-Jul-2006 12:29
When using Red Hat Fedora, beware of Security Enhanced Linux, SELinux.

Quoted from Red Hat: "The security goal is to make sure that Apache HTTP is only reading the static Web content, and not doing anything else such as writing to the content, connecting to database sockets, reading user home directories, etc."

These limitations include, among many other things, using mkdir to create directories, using fopen to access files, using fopen or get_headers to read URLs, or using exec to run external applications that happen to use sockets (or maybe access some files, but which will run fine when executed from the command line as Unix user apache or httpd -- such as HylaFAX "faxstat" as invoked from nweb2fax recvq.php and sendq.php).

See /var/log/messages for any denials due to the SELinux policy. To disable it:

- System, Administration, Security Level and Firewall
- open the SELinux tab
- click the Transition tree
- check Disable SELinux protection for Apache HTTP
- execute /etc/init.d/httpd restart

See also http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/selinux-faq/ and http://php.net/results.php?q=selinux&p=wholesite
thansen at terra dot com dot br 30-Dec-2003 08:36
The configure directives --with-apxs2 and --with-apxs2filter are not compatible one with other, even though the configure script will not complain about that. Each one affect the way Apache will call the php parser: If you choose the first one, you must use the traditional include:

AddType application/x-httpd-php php

at httpd.conf, to call the parser. If you use the --with-apxs2filter, the include will be:

<Files *.php>
        SetOutputFilter PHP
        SetInputFilter  PHP
</Files>

, and php will be called as a filter to .php files.

If you use both together, you will get compilation errors (duplicate symbols while linking libphp4).
doug at NOSPAM dot techie dot net 04-Feb-2003 05:16
Users compiling under some versions of Solaris/SunOS may encounter the following error.
   symbol ap_block_alarms: referenced symbol not found

To address this problem, add the following additional flag to the Apache build configure line:
   --enable-rule=SHARED_CORE

So, adding this to the original instructions, you'd configure your Apache build like so:
   ./configure --prefix=/www --enable-module=so --enable-rule=SHARED_CORE

Doug